Linuxコマンドの使い方などの要約は GitHub のトピックスに多く投稿されています。
以下 linux-command-line というキーワードのトピックの一例です。
https://github.com/topics/linux-command-line
ビルドしたdebianパッケージをインストールする際などに使用。
$ sudo dpkg -i DEB_PACKAGE
$ sudo dpkg -r PACKAGE_NAME
https://www.linuxsysadmins.com/30-dpkg-commands-to-manage-debian-based-linux-servers/
rpmパッケージからの中身抽出
Ex)
$ rpm2cpio systemd-rpm-macros-245-1.fc33.noarch.rpm | cpio -idmv
./usr/lib/rpm/fileattrs
./usr/lib/rpm/fileattrs/sysusers.attr
./usr/lib/rpm/macros.d/macros.systemd
./usr/lib/rpm/macros.d/macros.sysusers
./usr/lib/rpm/sysusers.generate-pre.sh
./usr/lib/rpm/sysusers.prov
ターミナルのロケールを日本語から英語に変更。
ホームディレクトリの ~/.bashrcファイルに以下を追加します。
export LANG=C
ロケールの確認
$ locale
LANG=C
LANGUAGE=ja:en
LC_CTYPE="C"
LC_NUMERIC=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_TIME=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_COLLATE="C"
LC_MONETARY=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_MESSAGES="C"
LC_PAPER=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_NAME=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_ADDRESS=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_TELEPHONE=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_MEASUREMENT=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_IDENTIFICATION=ja_JP.UTF-8
LC_ALL=
またはLANG=Cを指定してコマンド実行
$ LANG=C sudo apt update
$ LANG=C sudo apt upgrade
日本語でのディレクトリ表記などが文字化けするので、日本語表記が必要な場合は、コマンド前にLANG=ja_JP.UTF-8を追加すること。
ex)
$ LANG=ja_JP.UTF-8 sudo apt update
or
$ LANG=ja_JP.utf8 sudo apt update
head, trコマンドとの組合せにより乱数生成（抽出）
文字列レンジ指定：A-Z,a-z,0-9 文字数40
$ RAMDOM_1=$(head /dev/urandom | tr -dc A-Za-z0-9 | head -c 40)
$ echo $RANDOM_1
l3DX4F3yh5ZxvQt5AGE9ndiYxvfUlJvpXY2NrTkJ
文字列レンジ指定：a-f,0-9 文字数128
$ RANDOM_2=$(head /dev/urandom | tr -dc a-f0-9 | head -c 128)
$ echo $RANDOM_2
92169f319761ab50531e07ad814c193f4e5af5c8e247dc82918927e718b69c3796d943ff2707e91de20b67cd95b130e35972f5f488843744384c98e1d29eae83
起動アプリ・シェルコマンドのスケジュール設定
https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/crontab.5.html
$ sudo crontab -e
# use /bin/sh to run commands, no matter what /etc/passwd says
SHELL=/bin/sh
# mail any output to `paul', no matter whose crontab this is
MAILTO=paul
#
CRON_TZ=Japan
# run five minutes after midnight, every day
5 0 * * * $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out 2>&1
# run at 2:15pm on the first of every month -- output mailed to paul
15 14 1 * * $HOME/bin/monthly
# run at 10 pm on weekdays, annoy Joe
0 22 * * 1-5 mail -s "It's 10pm" joe%Joe,%%Where are your kids?%
23 0-23/2 * * * echo "run 23 minutes after midn, 2am, 4am ..., everyday"
5 4 * * sun echo "run at 5 after 4 every sunday"
以下5つのfieldによりスケジュールを設定
field allowed values ----- -------------- minute 0-59 hour 0-23 day of month 1-31 month 1-12 (or names, see below) day of week 0-7 (0 or 7 is Sunday, or use names)
$ sudo crontab -e）以下5つのフィールドではなく @ 表記によるスケジュール設定
@reboot : Run once after reboot. @yearly : Run once a year, ie. "0 0 1 1 *". @annually : Run once a year, ie. "0 0 1 1 *". @monthly : Run once a month, ie. "0 0 1 * *". @weekly : Run once a week, ie. "0 0 * * 0". @daily : Run once a day, ie. "0 0 * * *". @hourly : Run once an hour, ie. "0 * * * *".
$ sudo crontab -l | grep KEY_WORD
ex)
$ sudo ss -tlpen | grep 7443
ex)
$ sudo netstat -tupln | grep -e freeswitch -e 7443
https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html
$ cat file
six
asdf
one two six
one isix
boo
$ sed 's/.*six.*/fault/' file
fault
asdf
fault
fault
boo
変数挿入
Use double quotes to make the shell expand variables while preserving whitespace:
$ var1=$(cat test.txt)
$ sudo sed -i "s/$var1/ZZ/g" "$file"
変数に / が含まれている場合は、| を使用（他にもdelimiterとして +,# などでも可）。
$ sudo sed -i "s|$var|r_str|g" file_name
同一ディレクトリ内の*cファイル全てにテキストの置換えをする場合
$ sudo find /home/user/directory -name \*.c -exec sed -i "s/cybernetnews/cybernet/g" {} \;
$ sudo apt upgrade
パッケージリストを読み込んでいます... 完了
依存関係ツリーを作成しています
状態情報を読み取っています... 完了
アップグレードパッケージを検出しています... 完了
以下のパッケージはアップグレードされます:
firefox firefox-locale-en firefox-locale-ja firefox-locale-zh-hans google-cloud-sdk
アップグレード: 5 個、新規インストール: 0 個、削除: 0 個、保留: 0 個。
4 standard security updates
129 MB 中 0 B のアーカイブを取得する必要があります。
この操作後に追加で 1,112 kB のディスク容量が消費されます。
続行しますか? [Y/n]
dpkg: unrecoverable fatal error, aborting:
パッケージ 'rsync' のファイル一覧ファイルに最後の改行がありません
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (2)
日本語での情報は皆無なので、LANG=C オプションを付けて英語表記にしてエラー内容を表示・検索。
$ LANG=C sudo apt upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages will be upgraded:
firefox firefox-locale-en firefox-locale-ja firefox-locale-zh-hans google-cloud-sdk
5 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
4 standard security updates
Need to get 0 B/129 MB of archives.
After this operation, 1,112 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
dpkg: unrecoverable fatal error, aborting:
files list file for package 'rsync' is missing final newline
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (2)
$ cd /var/lib/dpkg/info
$ sudo rm -f *.postrm *.list
$ sudo dpkg --configure -a
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade
https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/users/documentation/iw#getting_station_statistics
Getting station statistics
To get station statistic information such as the amount of tx/rx bytes, the last TX bitrate (including MCS rate) you can do:
$ sudo iw dev wlan1 station dump
Station 12:34:56:78:9a:bc (on wlan0)
inactive time: 304 ms
rx bytes: 18816
rx packets: 75
tx bytes: 5386
tx packets: 21
signal: -29 dBm
tx bitrate: 54.0 MBit/s
https://linuxize.com/post/chmod-command-in-linux/
# find /var/www/my_website -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
# find /var/www/my_website -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
or
# find /var/www/my_website -type d -exec chmod u=rwx,go=rx {} \;
# find /var/www/my_website -type f -exec chmod u=rw,go=r {} \;
# possibility 1:
echo "line 1" >> greetings.txt
echo "line 2" >> greetings.txt
# possibility 2:
echo "line 1
line 2" >> greetings.txt
# possibility 3:
cat <<EOT >> greetings.txt
line 1
line 2
EOT
If sudo (other user privileges) is needed to write to the file, use this:
# possibility 1:
echo "line 1" | sudo tee -a greetings.txt > /dev/null
# possibility 3:
sudo tee -a greetings.txt > /dev/null <<EOT
line 1
line 2
EOT
#!/bin/bash
var = $(cat tmp/pids/unicorn.pid)
echo $var
sudo kill -QUIT $var
イコール前後のスペースは削除すること。
誤 ---> var = $(cat tmp/pids/unicorn.pid)
正 ---> var=$(cat tmp/pids/unicorn.pid)
& を追加してバックグラウンドで起動
$ sudo ./wireguard-ui &
バックグラウンドのジョブ確認
$ jobs -l
[1]+ 63800 Running sudo ./wireguard-ui &
上記プロセス ID1 をフォアグラウンドで表示
$ fg %1
フォアグラウンドに表示されたプロセスをCtl+cで停止
# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 32.3M 1 loop /snap/snapd/11402
loop1 7:1 0 61.6M 1 loop /snap/core20/904
loop2 7:2 0 348K 1 loop /snap/bpytop/216
sr0 11:0 1 841M 0 rom
vda 252:0 0 250G 0 disk
├─vda1 252:1 0 1M 0 part
├─vda2 252:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─vda3 252:3 0 49G 0 part
└─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 253:0 0 49G 0 lvm /
To list all local users you can use:
$ cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
To list all users capable of authenticating (in some way), including non-local, see this reply.
Some more useful user-management commands (also limited to local users):
To add a new user you can use:
$ sudo adduser new_username
or:
$ sudo useradd new_username
See also: What is the difference between adduser and useradd?
To remove/delete a user, first you can use:
$ sudo userdel username
Then you may want to delete the home directory for the deleted user account :
$ sudo rm -r /home/username
Please use with caution the above command!
To modify the username of a user:
$ usermod -l new_username old_username
To change the password for a user:
$ sudo passwd username
To change the shell for a user:
$ sudo chsh username
To change the details for a user (for example real name):
$ sudo chfn username
To add a user to the sudo group:
$ adduser username sudo
or
$ usermod -aG sudo username
z@z-lap:~$ sleep 100&
[1] 4458
z@z-lap:~$ sleep 200&
[2] 4459
z@z-lap:~$ jobs
[1]- Running sleep 100 &
[2]+ Running sleep 200 &
z@z-lap:~$ fg %1
sleep 100
^Z
[1]+ Stopped sleep 100
z@z-lap:~$ jobs
[1]+ Stopped sleep 100
[2]- Running sleep 200 &
z@z-lap:~$ fg %1
sleep 100
^C
z@z-lap:~$ jobs
[2]+ Running sleep 200 &
grepコマンドでダウンロードしたxmlファイルからURLのみを抽出し、新たなファイルとして保存します。
$ wget https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/config/config_web.xml
$ grep -Eo "https?://\S+?\.m3u8" config_web.xml > nhk.m3u
[SOLVED] Battery is not detected after fresh install of Linux Mint - Linux Mint Forums
$ sudo apt install inxi
$ inxi -Fxz
System:
Kernel: 5.19.0-50-generic x86_64 bits: 64 compiler: N/A Desktop: GNOME 42.9
Distro: Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)
Machine:
Type: Laptop System: HP product: HP Notebook v: Type1ProductConfigId
serial: <superuser required>
Mobo: HP model: 80C1 v: 96.53 serial: <superuser required> UEFI: Insyde
v: F.29 date: 05/24/2019
Battery:
ID-1: BAT1 charge: 0% condition: 34.5/41.4 Wh (83.1%) volts: 3.7 min: 14.8
model: COMPAL PABAS0241231 status: Not charging
Device-1: hidpp_battery_0 model: Logitech Wireless Mouse M325
charge: 55% (should be ignored) status: Discharging
CPU:
Info: dual core model: Intel Core i5-5200U bits: 64 type: MT MCP
arch: Broadwell rev: 4 cache: L1: 128 KiB L2: 512 KiB L3: 3 MiB
Speed (MHz): avg: 2183 high: 2190 min/max: 500/2700 cores: 1: 2176
2: 2179 3: 2190 4: 2189 bogomips: 17557
Flags: avx avx2 ht lm nx pae sse sse2 sse3 sse4_1 sse4_2 ssse3
Graphics:
Device-1: Intel HD Graphics 5500 vendor: Hewlett-Packard driver: i915
v: kernel bus-ID: 00:02.0
Device-2: Chicony HP Truevision HD type: USB driver: uvcvideo
bus-ID: 1-5:5
Display: wayland server: X.Org v: 1.22.1.1 with: Xwayland v: 22.1.1
compositor: gnome-shell driver: gpu: i915 resolution: 1: 1440x900~60Hz
2: 1920x1080~60Hz
OpenGL: renderer: Mesa Intel HD Graphics 5500 (BDW GT2)
v: 4.6 Mesa 22.2.5-0ubuntu0.1~22.04.3 direct render: Yes
Audio:
Device-1: Intel Broadwell-U Audio vendor: Hewlett-Packard
driver: snd_hda_intel v: kernel bus-ID: 00:03.0
Device-2: Intel Wildcat Point-LP High Definition Audio
vendor: Hewlett-Packard driver: snd_hda_intel v: kernel bus-ID: 00:1b.0
Sound Server-1: ALSA v: k5.19.0-50-generic running: yes
Sound Server-2: PulseAudio v: 15.99.1 running: yes
Sound Server-3: PipeWire v: 0.3.48 running: yes
Network:
Device-1: Realtek RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet
vendor: Hewlett-Packard driver: r8169 v: kernel port: 4000 bus-ID: 07:00.0
IF: enp7s0 state: down mac: <filter>
Device-2: Realtek RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter
vendor: Hewlett-Packard driver: rtl8723be v: kernel port: 3000
bus-ID: 0d:00.0
IF: wlp13s0 state: up mac: <filter>
IF-ID-1: br-3f36f98beadb state: down mac: <filter>
IF-ID-2: br-7a5354842f34 state: down mac: <filter>
IF-ID-3: docker0 state: down mac: <filter>
IF-ID-4: f9e state: unknown speed: N/A duplex: N/A mac: N/A
Bluetooth:
Device-1: Realtek Bluetooth Radio type: USB driver: btusb v: 0.8
bus-ID: 1-4:4
Report: hciconfig ID: hci0 rfk-id: 8 state: down
bt-service: enabled,running rfk-block: hardware: no software: yes
address: <filter>
Drives:
Local Storage: total: 476.94 GiB used: 143.54 GiB (30.1%)
ID-1: /dev/sda model: AS-512 size: 476.94 GiB
Partition:
ID-1: / size: 467.89 GiB used: 143.53 GiB (30.7%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda2
ID-2: /boot/efi size: 511 MiB used: 6.1 MiB (1.2%) fs: vfat
dev: /dev/sda1
Swap:
ID-1: swap-1 type: file size: 2 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) file: /swapfile
Sensors:
System Temperatures: cpu: 55.0 C pch: 47.0 C mobo: N/A
Fan Speeds (RPM): N/A
Info:
Processes: 248 Uptime: 1d 5h 0m Memory: 11.59 GiB used: 2.55 GiB (22.0%)
Init: systemd runlevel: 5 Compilers: gcc: 11.3.0 Packages: 2152 Shell: Bash
v: 5.1.16 inxi: 3.3.13